In a study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, (NHTSA), young drivers of either a car or motorcycle (age 15-20) are the most likely to have fatal car crashes in the United States. 15-20 year old drivers comprise 6% of all licensed drivers in the U.S. but had 19% of the fatal accidents in 2007. About two-thirds of people killed in fatal car crashes are the young drivers or their passengers. More than half of the fatal accidents occur on rural roadways. Motor vehicle crashes are the number one cause of death for 15-20 year olds based upon mortality data from the National Center For Health Statistics in 2005.

In 2007, young drivers were in 6,669 fatal accidents resulting in 7,650 deaths. There has been a 13% decrease in deaths involving young drivers from 1998 to 2007, with the peak being 9,251 fatalities in 2002. There are three main causes of the much higher percentage of young driver fatalities in this country: failure to wear a seat belt; alcohol involvement, and speeding. According to the study, overall seat belt use among all drivers is 82%, but among young drivers, it is 77%, and in fatal crashes in 2007, 61% were not wearing their seat belts. Regarding alcohol usage, 31% of young drivers involved in fatal accidents in 2007 had some alcohol in their systems, and 26% were over the legal limit of 0.08 percent (BAC).

31% of all fatal crashes in the United States are at least partially attributable to speeding. However, in 2007, a whopping 39% of male drivers age 15-20 killed in auto crashes were speeding when the accident occurred. Young female drivers age 15-20 accounted for 24% of all fatal crashes. Of all ages and genders of motorists, 15-20 year old males are the most likely to be speeding when a fatal car crash occurs.

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In the previous article in this series, we focused on the preparation for your deposition. Now that you have properly prepared for your deposition, here are the do’s and don’ts for your testimony. First, make sure that you clearly understand the questions you are being asked, and if you don’t, say so. I tell my clients that they have three options: tell the defense attorney that you need the question rephrased, ask to speak with me, or have the court reporter read back the question–sometimes the meaning becomes clearer if the question is read more slowly. Second, you must not volunteer information! If I as your attorney do not know what you are about to say, I may not want you to testify on that topic, so only respond to the questions you are being asked. Try to pause between the question asked by the defense attorney, and your answer, both to assist you in thinking about your answer, and equally importantly, to allow your attorney to make an objection to the question if the question is improper or calls for testimony which is privileged. (for example, a question such as “what did you talk to your attorney about is protected by the attorney client-privilege and you would be told not to respond to this question). Feel free to speak to your attorney if you need advice about a question or if you are concerned about a topic which has come up during the deposition, such as a prior criminal conviction–and always remember to discuss any possible issues with your attorney before the deposition so that he or she is not blind sided by a question that you had not discussed beforehand.

There is a very important distinction between your testimony about the accident, which should be as short and limited as possible, and testimony about your injuries, pain and the effect on your life, which absolutely must be thorough, descriptive, and no holds barred.

Testimony as to the accident is a minefield since the defense attorney is looking to get testimony from you that can be used to blame the accident on you rather than his client. Classic examples of this are in New York car crash cases and trip and fall accidents. For example, in a deposition involving an auto accident, the attorney will ask the following: “For how long before the accident did you see the other car? Clearly, this is a trick question. You may not have seen the car at all before the accident, but if you did, it would only be a for a few seconds or less, yet countless witnesses will respond “Oh, for a minute before the accident.” Obviously, if you had plenty of time to see the other car before an accident, you would have had time to avoid the crash, so make sure you think about the question before you respond. In a trip and fall deposition, the defense attorney will ask: “Where were looking as you were walking? Most people walk looking straight ahead as well as looking toward the ground, but if you only mention looking straight ahead, you have now sown the seeds of a defense that the plaintiff “failed to see what was there to be seen”–meaning that had you been looking at the ground also, you would have seen the uneven or broken sidewalk and avoided the accident. The motto is give short, responsive answers, think carefully about the question before answering, and if you don’t know or can’t remember a detail, do not hesitate in giving this answer–never guess or speculate!

Remember that this is your own opportunity before trial to let the defense attorneys and insurance companies know why they should try to settle with you prior to trial, so if you minimize your injuries, you better believe they will. I have frequently had clients tell me during our preparation that “I hate to complain, it’s not my personality.” Guess what? For the two or three hours of the deposition, you must complain, and describe your pain in detail. USE ADJECTIVES! Never say I have “discomfort”. A stubbed toe causes discomfort; a torn anterior cruciate ligament or Achilles tendon hurts like hell! Give examples of what your pain feels like, so that the attorneys, and later on, potential jurors will know precisely what you mean: i.e. “The pain is so bad it feels like I am being stabbed with a knife in my knee when I walk…” Make sure that the defense attorneys know exactly how the injuries have prevented you from doing what you love–playing tennis, running, skiing, or playing basketball with the kids, as well as hampered you in doing activities you must do, such as cooking, cleaning, or other household chores.

Do not let the other attorney cut you off if you have not completed your answers about the toll the accident has taken on your life–remember that the attorney is preparing a report to send to the insurance company claims representative–every detail counts!

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In your lawsuit for injuries suffered in a New York car crash, Bronx trip and fall, construction accident, from a defective or dangerous product or a dog bite, (to name a few examples), the single most important event in that lawsuit before the trial is known as the deposition, or “examination before trial.” During the deposition, you are placed under oath, and then asked a series of questions by the defense attorneys about your personal background, education, employment history, your accident, your injuries and damages. In essence, the deposition is a dress rehearsal for the trial of your case, and it provides both attorneys and the insurance companies an opportunity to analyze your abilities as a witness. Was your testimony credible? Would a jury like you as a witness and want to find in your favor? Did your testimony establish the elements of your case as to the negligence or carelessness of the defendants and their legal responsibility for your injuries?

Because of the vital importance of the deposition, you should make sure to get a good night’s sleep the night before, and arrive for the deposition clear headed and well rested. If it’s possible, it is better for you not to take pain killers that you would normally take if they have side effects which could affect your alertness and stamina. Additionally, it is my opinion that if you are feeling more of the effects of your injuries while you are testifying, you will be more likely to emphasize the pain and disability form those injuries. I also strongly believe, although many attorneys do not do this, that preparation for the deposition, including how to respond to questions about your accident and injuries most effectively, should be done prior to the date of your deposition. Typically, lawyers meet with their clients to prepare an hour before (sometimes 15 minutes before) the deposition is to take place–this is a huge mistake, especially considering the importance of the deposition and the likelihood that you will be somewhat anxious and less likely to be able to remember the instructions you are given.

When testifying, you must keep your cool and testify in a calm and clear fashion. Defense attorneys have numerous strategies to rattle you, anger you, intimidate you and attempt to cause you to lose your focus and concentration. It is critical that you avoid these traps–your goal should be to convince the defense attorneys that if the case reaches trial, you will be a formidable witness. You will know that you accomplished this goal if within a month or two of the deposition, the defense attorneys approach your attorney to discuss settlement of your case–in my experience, this happens frequently when the client does well at his or her deposition.

Part 2 of this article will focus on the content of your testimony–how to testify most effectively to prove your case.

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Here are three very common scenarios for prospective clients who come for their free consultation to our White Plains, New York law offices. The client was walking on a public sidewalk and tripped and fell on a defective sidewalk, suffering serious injuries. The potential client was injured in a New York car crash with a car or truck owned by a village, town or city. While entering or leaving a municipally owned building, the client slipped and fell in an area which had not been plowed, shoveled, sanded or salted.

These three potential cases against municipalities have a common, critical element: A notice of claim, alerting the town, village or city department to the date. time, location and the specifics of the accident must be filed within 90 days of the accident. If a properly prepared notice of claim is not filed with the municipality within that 90 days, your New York County trip and fall, Kings County car accident or Westchester County slip and fall accident (to use three examples) will be denied by the municipality and dismissed by a local Court. There are exceptions to this very harsh rule, for example, in some cases involving infants and those with certain disabilities, but for the most part, failure to file a timely notice of claim is fatal to your personal injury case.

Thus, it is vital that you consult an experienced, knowledgeable lawyer immediately after your accident to assure that your rights and interests are protected.

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Following the tragic Westchester County fatal car crash this past July, in which Diane Shuler killed herself and 7 others driving while intoxicated southbound in the northbound lanes of the Taconic Parkway, two other allegedly intoxicated drivers have driven the wrong way on the Taconic Parkway. First, in early September, 44 year old Bronx resident Gregorio Pena was arrested for driving two miles northbound in the southbound lanes of the Taconic in Yorktown. Pena allegedly had a blood alcohol content (BAC) of .20, more than two times the legal limit of .08 percent. Pena was charged with felony reckless endangerment and New York aggravated DWI.

On September 17, Henry M. Garcia, a nineteen year old unlicensed illegal immigrant from Guatemala, was found to have a BAC of 0.27 percent, more than three times the legal limit. Garcia was arrested after driving for six miles southbound in the northbound lanes of the Taconic, and was finally pulled over when he made a U-turn in Pleasantville. Mr. Garcia was also charged with DWI, aggravated DWI and felony reckless endangerment. His case is pending in Mount Pleasant.

Thankfully, there were no car accidents in either of the September wrong way driving arrests. However, the New York State Department of Transportation is taking action due to the open question: Why are so many drivers, (taking into account their intoxicated condition) driving the wrong way on this parkway? The State DOT will now install “Wrong Way” signs, as well as “Do Not Enter” and “One Way” signs at all exit and entrance ramps on the parkway by 2010. This measure follows federal transportation recommendations that have been in place since 2007.

Driving schools seem to concur that if someone is driving head on toward you in your lane, to avoid a serious car crash, you should try to veer off to the shoulder if possible. If there is no shoulder or this isn’t possible, try to steer into the median, since hitting a fixed object is preferable to a head on collision.

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When you have been injured in a New York car crash, or slip and fall accident, fallen off a ladder or scaffold on a construction site, or been the victim of a dangerous product or medication, it is vital that you document your accident and injuries. Previously, we have written about the importance of reporting your accident and obtaining a copy of the accident report from the owner of the premises. We discussed getting the names, addresses, and phone numbers of witnesses. In prior blogs, we also stressed the importance of taking photographs, for example, of the defective sidewalk or step; the damage to your car before it is totaled or repaired; the dog that bit you, and of course, your injuries from the accident.

Another excellent type of documentation is to maintain a diary of the following: the hospital and medical treatment you underwent; the type of pain you experience on a daily basis, and what activities bring the pain on or exacerbate your suffering; your inability to perform activities of daily living due to your injuries (and identifying the people who must do these activities instead regarding household chores or maintenance); and how the accident has affected your enjoyment of life. This is instrumental when you must give testimony at a deposition or trial (often months or a couple of years after the events) as to treatment, pain and disability, and the toll the accident has taken on your life. These are the most important elements a jury will consider when deciding how much to award for your damages, so keeping a diary is a very smart way to improve your chances of a successful outcome at trial or a more substantial settlement before trial.

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On November 1, 2009, New York’s statewide ban on texting while driving goes into effect. The law was designed to prevent or reduce serious New York car crashes such as the tragic accident last year in which several young teens lost their lives when the driver lost control and struck a tractor trailer while texting. However, what makes little sense is that the law as presently written does not permit the police to issue a ticket for the violation unless the operator is guilty of another moving violation, such as speeding or an unsafe lane change. Thus, as long as the texting driver doesn’t speed, go through a red light, or switch lanes suddenly, they will not be issued a summons. Obviously, the New York State Legislature either did not think this law through very thoroughly, or the texting lobby has done a very good job of taking some bite out of the bill.

The fine for a violation of the new law is $150.00. Graham Parker, a spokesman for the New York State Senate Transportation Committee, claims that the “Legislature will keep in touch with law enforcement agencies after the law takes effect and can change it if needed.” Nonetheless, if the purpose of the law was to deter distracted driving and prevent New York fatal car accidents or serious injuries, I personally do not see how this toothless law will do much to accomplish that goal. Distracted driving has become such a serious issue that Ray LaHood, the U.S. Transportation Secretary, has announced that there will be a “distracted driver” summit in Washington on September 30th and October 1st to review the problem.

Local police departments have become more skilled at detecting drivers who are texting while driving, despite the fact that many will hold their phone below dashboard level. Methods include using vehicles that give them the ability to look down into nearby cars to identify texting drivers, stationing a plainclothes officer at a location where he can look down into cars slowing for traffic and then notify a cruiser up ahead, or simply watching body language and eyes looking down rather than straight ahead.

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In the wake of the horrific Westchester fatal car crash which killed 36 year old Diane Schuler, her 2 year old daughter, three young nieces, and three men on their way to a Sunday lunch with family, there is this question: Was this terrible tragedy avoidable? We have all heard the main facts by now–A 36 year old woman with her infant daughter, young son, and three young nieces in her minivan, on her way home from a weekend camping trip in Sullivan County, drives the wrong way on the Taconic Parkway for almost two miles, and collides head on with a Chevy Trailblazer occupied by Michael Bastardi, his son Guy Bastardi, and family friend Daniel Longo. All except Schuler’s five year old son Bryan were killed in the crash, and we now learn that at the time of the accident, Ms. Schuler had a blood alcohol content of .19, (which is almost triple the legal limit of .08), six grams of alcohol in her stomach, and high levels of THC from smoking marijuana within one hour of the Westchester County car crash.

There have been numerous accounts of other drivers seeing Ms. Schuler driving erratically on Routes 17 and 87, weaving in and out of lanes, tailgating and driving across grassy medians. There were several reports that once on the Taconic Parkway northbound (in what Schuler apparently believed was the right lane of the parkway southbound), drivers were beeping their horns, flashing their headlights, and calling 911, all to no avail. It is particularly tragic that with the usual police presence on each of these roadways, (especially on Route 17 and the Taconic), that Ms. Schuler was never stopped and arrested for DWI.

But there is another issue to address here for each of us. If confronted with a car proceeding toward you the wrong way on a high speed roadway, what would you do? Let’s start out with some basic estimates and facts. Assuming that the Schuler and Bastardi vehicles were each traveling at approximately 60 miles per hour, that means that the vehicles were moving toward each other at approximately 175 feet per second–120 m.p.h @1.467 feet per second. There is a wide variance in brake reaction time statistically, but generally speaking, the range is between 1.5 seconds and 3 seconds. Then there is what is known as brake engagement distance, (how long it takes the brakes to begin slowing the car once the foot depresses the pedal), which some studies have indicated is about 0.3 seconds. Adding on what is known as physical force distance– how far the vehicle would continue to travel before it stopped, at least another 150 feet would be needed for each vehicle to come to a stop.

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We all have witnessed drivers on the highway applying makeup, shaving, looking at maps or other reading materials, and focusing on everything but the road. But in an eye-opening series in the New York Times entitled “Driven to Distraction“, studies have apparently shown that drivers using cellphones are four times as likely to cause a crash as other drivers, and their likelihood of causing a car crash is equal to that of someone who is intoxicated with a blood alcohol of .08! Worse yet, for those of us who feel that we’ve reduced the risk of distracted driving by using hands free devices, this can actually increase the risks by making us believe that the behavior is safe.

A 2003 study done at Harvard University estimated that distracted driving caused by cellphone usage resulted in an annual 2,600 fatalities and 330,000 accidents with moderate or severe injuries. A particularly compelling story mentioned in the series is that of Christopher Hill, a 20 year old Oklahoma resident, who was so involved in a call while driving that he ran a red light and broadsided a car driven by Linda Doyle, who died at the scene. When the investigating officer asked Mr. Hill what color the light was, he responded that he hadn’t even seen the traffic light at all. New York is one of only 5 states around the United States that ban hand-held cellphones while driving, but no state legislature has banned talking on a cellphone while driving. It is clear that the cellphone carriers, including Verizon Wireless, Sprint, AT & T and T-Mobile are a very strong lobby in Washington, and banning all cellphone usage in cars, even with hand-held devices, is a political “non-starter.”

According to a study by the Governors Highway Association, 8 states in the U.S. ban cellphone use for novice drivers and 4 states do so for bus drivers, with 13 states banning cellphones for novices and bus drivers. 14 states ban texting for all drivers and 9 ban texting for novices only. The New York Legislature has sent a bill to Governor Paterson to ban texting while driving, (we will write about this in a separate post) which he is expected to sign and would go into effect on November 1, 2009.

As part of Mr. Hill’s sentence for his Oklahoma misdemeanor conviction in the death of Linda Doyle, he must perform 240 hours of community service discussing the risks of distracted driving and speaking to classrooms of students about “talking on a cellphone and killing someone.” Cars over the last few years are often equipped with navigation systems with voice commands, which allow drivers to keep their focus on the road rather than viewing a screen. However, with the advance in technology giving us audio, video, GPS, the Internet and give and take with voice commands, it is clear that the safety issues of distracted driving are not going away any time soon.

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Last week, a federal advisory panel of the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) voted 20-17 to recommend a ban of Percocet and Vicodin, two very popular painkillers, due to their damaging effects on the liver. Percocet, also known as Oxycodone, and Vicodin, another name for Hydrocodone, are controlled substances due to their addictive nature, and combine a narcotic with high dosages of acetaminophen, a painkiller found in such medications as Excedrin, Tylenol and Nyquil.

Acetaminophen is combined with different narcotics in at least 7 other prescription drugs, and each of these drugs would be banned if the FDA takes the advice of its panel. Vicodin is prescribed more than 100 million times per year in the United States, according to the study, and patients who take these potentially dangerous drugs often need progressively larger doses to obtain the same pain relief.

In 2005, Americans bought 28 billion doses of products containing acetaminophen. Although it is effective in treating headaches and reducing fevers, even recommended doses can cause liver damage. More than 400 people die and 42,000 are hospitalized in the U.S. every year from overdoses according to the panel. One panel member, an associate professor of medicine from Duke University Medical Center, noted that: “We’re here because there are inadvertent overdoses [of acetaminophen] which are fatal, and this is our opportunity to have a big impact.”

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